Experimental study of hydrogen-rich/oxygen-rich gas-gas injectors

Five types of coaxial injectors were investigated experimentally using hot hydrogen-rich gas and oxygen-rich gas, which were respectively provided by a GH2/GO2 hydrogen-rich perburner and a GH2/GO2 oxygen-rich preburner. The injectors were the shear coaxial injector, the oxidizer post expansion coaxial injector, the fuel impinging coaxial injector, the central body coaxial injector, and the shear tri-coaxial injector. The characteristic velocity efficiency and the combustor＇s wall temperatures were obtained for different design parameters through the experiments. It can be con- cluded that angles of the oxidizer post expansion and the fuel impinging have little influence on the combustion performance and the wall temperatures. The contact area between fuel and oxidizer and the mass flow rate have significant impacts on the combustion performance. The shear tri-coaxial injector has the best combustion performance but also the highest wall temperatures among the five types of injectors.     

含天然与人工内部缺陷轮盘裂纹扩展特性对比分析

为达到应用人工内部缺陷获得轮盘裂纹扩展特性，开展了含天然与人工内部缺陷轮盘高速旋转低周疲劳裂纹扩展对比试验，并通过无损检测分析、断口分析研究了裂纹扩展特性的差异，提出了含人工缺陷轮盘损伤容限分析思路。无损检测更易识别人工内部缺陷的特征及其变化；人工缺陷区呈碎裂状，有大量的晶间断裂，与天然缺陷区有明显差异；非缺陷区两者无明显差异。天然与人工缺陷区的裂纹扩展速率分别为0.2-0.4μm/次、0.6-1.2μm/次，均远大于基体材料理论值；1#盘加载突变区外断口反推寿命与第二加载阶段循环数的最大误差是12%；2#盘缺陷区外断口反推寿命占总循环数的44.9%-51.9%。基于人工缺陷区定义初始裂纹，排除人工与天然缺陷差异的影响，可获得轮盘裂纹扩展特性。     

针栓式喷注单元雾化角模型分析

为了实现不同径向孔形的针栓式喷注器雾化角的准确预测，从动量守恒方程出发建立了液膜撞击液膜和液膜撞击液束的雾化角理论修正模型。对于液膜撞击液膜的喷注单元，模型中通过理论推导引入了2个变形因子，将撞击的几何变形效应与雾化角关联；对于液膜撞击液束，通过引入阻塞率定义有效撞击动量比，同时将液束入口孔形的影响隐含考虑在变形因子中，最后根据高速摄影试验结果和数值仿真结果获得了对应的变形因子组合系数，使得新的雾化角模型适应性更广、准确性更高。结果表明：引入变形因子和阻塞率的理论模型预测值与试验及数值仿真结果吻合很好；对于液膜撞击液膜，变形因子基本维持在0.9~1.1，根据试验结果及仿真结果，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.99和C₂=1.06；对于液膜撞击液束，变形因子推荐值为C₁=0.75和C₂=1.25。该模型根据实际出口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角，隐含考虑了撞击作用造成的影响，较根据撞击前入口的轴向动量和合成总动量计算雾化角的常用模型预测值准确度显著提高，为针栓式喷注器的理论研究和工程设计提供了重要参考。     

A high-fidelity design methodology using LES-based simulation and POD-based emulation: A case study of swirl injectors

Engineering design is undergoing a paradigm shift from design for performance to design for affordability, operability, and durability, seeking multi-objective optimization. To facilitate this transformation, significantly extended design freedom and knowledge must be available in the early design stages. This paper presents a high-fidelity framework for design and optimization of the liquid swirl injectors that are widely used in aerospace propulsion and power-generation systems. The framework assembles a set of techniques, including Design Of Experiment (DOE), high-fidelity Large Eddy Simulations (LES), machine learning, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD)-based Kriging surrogate modeling (emulation), inverse problem optimization, and uncertainty quantification. LES-based simulations can reveal detailed spatiotemporal evolution of flow structures and flame dynamics in a high-fidelity manner, and identify important injector design parameters according to their effects on propellant mixing, flame stabilization, and thermal protection. For a given a space of design parameters, DOE determines the number of design points to perform LES-based simulations. POD-based emulations, trained by the LES database, can effectively explore the design space and deduce an optimal group of design parameters in a turn-around time that is reduced by three orders of magnitude. The accuracy of the emulated results is validated, and the uncertainty of prediction is quantified. The proposed design methodology is expected to profoundly extend the knowledge base and reduce the cost for initial design stages.     

强迫扰动下的射流撞击雾化特性

为全面把握撞击式喷嘴的工作特性，进一步认识雾化在燃烧不稳定中所起的作用，采用试验结合数值模拟的方法开展了强迫扰动条件下撞击式喷嘴的非稳态雾化特性研究。试验方面，采用水力扰动装置产生喷前压力扰动，由脉动压力传感器记录喷前的脉动压力，由高速摄影对动态的喷雾场进行背光拍摄。数值模拟则是基于开源程序Gerris开展，通过给定周期性变化的速度入口来模拟前端压力扰动下的撞击雾化过程。首先验证了建立的数值模拟方案处理非稳态雾化的有效性，其次将自然雾化与强迫扰动雾化进行对比，分析了强迫扰动条件下的撞击雾化特性，最后研究了扰动频率与扰动幅值对于撞击雾化的影响。结果表明：强迫扰动下的射流撞击喷雾场出现了弓形液滴群局部聚集的现象，并且在时间上表现出周期性特征，雾化频率与强迫扰动的频率一致。在研究的频率范围（1 257~3 563 Hz）内，撞击式喷嘴的雾化对扰动都有响应。扰动频率主要影响相邻弓形液滴群之间的间距以及雾场与扰动压力之间的相位关系，扰动幅值则主要影响雾化Klystron效应的强度。随着扰动幅值的增大，液膜的破碎长度减小，撞击点下游的流量特性由线性向非线性转变，由正弦波形转变为陡峭前缘波形。     

圆排波瓣圆柱混合管的气动特性实验研究

建立了实验装置，对圆排波瓣喷管与８只圆柱混合管相配合，进行了冷热态实验。得出了它们引射混合的引射流量比随主次流温度比、混合管截面比、次流进口截面比的变化关系曲线。另外，还对不同温度下修正流量比的温度指数进行了研究，得出圆排波瓣圆柱混合管引射混合器的修正流量比温度指数ｎ＝０．４。     

注气离心喷嘴喷注过程稳定性试验

为了解管路注气对补燃循环液氧煤油发动机预燃室煤油离心喷嘴喷注过程稳定性的影响，在大气环境下开展了敞口型离心喷嘴注气时喷注过程稳定性试验。使用注气装置在离心喷嘴的上游供应管路中注入空气，通过高速相机记录管路内的两相流特征和喷嘴喷注过程的振荡特征，采用图像区域亮度分析方法定量评估喷注过程的振荡强度。研究发现：注气能显著改变敞口型离心喷嘴的喷注雾化过程及稳定性特征；注气后雾化液膜破碎距离缩短且喷雾角减小，喷注过程出现明显的振荡并伴随Klystron效应；管路内两相流的气泡尺度较大且切向孔较小时，喷注过程的振荡幅值较大；随着注气量增加，喷注过程的振荡频率降低；气泡尺度及两相流型对离心喷嘴喷注振荡过程的影响与普通气泡雾化喷嘴的显著不同，柱状流型时离心喷嘴喷注过程出现1~3 Hz流量振荡且可能间歇性断流。气泡对切向孔的间歇性堵塞作用可能是喷注过程振荡及Klystron效应的原因。     

Mechanism of stall and surge in a centrifugal compressor with a variable vaned diffuser

To expand the stable operating range of compressors, understanding the mechanism of flow instability at low flow rates is necessary. In this paper, the mechanism of stall and surge in a centrifugal compressor with a variable vaned diffuser is experimentally investigated, where the diffuser blade setting angle can be adjusted. Many dynamic pressure transducers are mounted on the casing surface of the compressor. From the design condition to surge, dynamic pressure data is recorded throughout the gradual process. According to the signal developing status, the typical modes of compressor instability are defined in detail, such as stall, mild surge, and deep surge. A relatively high-frequency stall wave originates in the impeller and propagates to the diffuser, and finally stimulates a deep surge in the compressor. The compressor behavior during surge differs at different diffuser vane angles. When the diffuser vane angle is adjusted, both the unstable form and the core factor affecting the overall machine stability change. A specific indicator is proposed to measure the instability of each component in a compressor, which can be used to determine the best region for stability extension technologies, such as a holed casing treatment, in different compressor applications.     

甩油盘的雾化分析

利用振动频谱的分析方法，并依据大量实验，建立了甩油盘雾化液滴的ＳＭＤ和燃油的各物理参数以及轴的转速等几个重要参数之间的关系，从而对甩油盘的设计和实验方向提供了理论依据，计算结果和经验公式的对照表明，给出的关系式有很强的指导意义。     

直射式喷嘴跨流喷射的雾化特性试验研究

 应用Malvern激光测雾仪在气流速度50～150m/s,供油压力（1.1～4.2）×10⁶Pa,喷嘴直径0.5～0.9mm,喷嘴下游距离60～250mm参数范围内对直射式喷嘴跨流喷射的雾化特性进行了研究。根据试验结果得出了相应的经验关系。